LIEVEN
HENDRIKS
Born in 1970.
Lives and works in Arnhem (Netherlands).
In his paintings, Lieven Hendriks gives shape to abstract concepts such as hope, comfort and desire. The manipulation of light always plays an important role in the construction of his works. The painted subjects evoke a field of tension with the historical idea of painting. His paintings thus balance between temporality and eternity, between presence and absence, between truth and deceit.
Complete catalog of artist's artworks ici
Image above : Silver Linings, 2024 (detail). 200 x 170 cm
CLUMSINESS AS MASTERY
Seduction and deception in the work of Lieven Hendriks
The term trompe-l’œil is used to describe the technique whereby a painted object is made to look three-dimensional. When art historians write about this form of optical illusion, they often refer to the Greek author Pliny. He described a contest between two renowned artists to settle the question of who was the best. Zeuxis painted a still life with grapes so lifelike that birds flew down to peck at them. He then asked his rival Parrhasius to pull aside the curtain from his painting, only to discover that the curtain itself was the painting, whereupon he was forced to admit defeat. To regard painting as a manifestation of the truth is to be misled; as far as Pliny is concerned, it is no more than a cultivated form of trickery.
In his work, Lieven Hendriks, too, plays a game with the nature of observation. His paintings anticipate how we look at art, how we focus our attention, and how this process is affected by the surrounding circumstances. In this way his work touches directly on the essence of painting and the value attached to it.
Hendriks builds on a long tradition of artists fascinated by optical illusions. Take Cornelis Gijsbrechts (1620-1684), for instance, who initially worked in Antwerp, and was later active in Germany and Denmark. His Trompe l’œil (1664, Ghent Museum of Fine Arts, MSK) consists of a pair of pendant paintings on two panels. Both show a ‘quodlibet’, a board crisscrossed with ribbons, under which letters, envelopes and bills have been tucked for safekeeping. These correspondence storage boards are partly hidden by a curtain of dark green velvet. The expertly rendered shadows make these painted images appear tangible; they look like objects occupying the same space as us, the onlookers.
A similarly effective use of shadows determines the impact of Hendriks’ paintings in the Starlet series. The images create the impression of a metal surface pitted with bullet holes. The extraordinarily realistic portrayal of the dark holes and their surrounding shadowy dents makes the illusion utterly convincing. A doubting Thomas would put his finger on them, unsure of the evidence of his own eyes.
Creating such hyperreal illusions requires mastery of one’s technique. When seeking to deceive his audience a painter pulls out all the stops to make a work absolutely lifelike. Nothing is allowed to interfere with the illusion. Here, painting amounts first and foremost to a conscious demonstration of the highest professional skill.
In Ruffled Yellow (2011) and Ruffled Violet (2011), Lieven Hendriks alludes ironically to the link between optical illusion and virtuosity. Folds extend from the bottom right-hand corner of both paintings, apparently caused by the inexpert way in which the canvas was stretched onto the frame, causing distortions to result from temperature change or humidity. But on close inspection the unsightly imperfections in fact testify to the painter’s virtuosity. He has subtly manipulated colours and tones to create the illusion of a fold on the flat surface. The result is to turn our value judgement upside down. What looks like clumsiness is in fact evidence of mastery.
Image above: Silver Linings, 2024. 45 x 40 cm.
All aesthetic pleasure consists to some extent in the knowledge that one is being deceived: it entails the voluntary suspension of disbelief. Optical illusion in painting goes further than technical mastery – it also has to do with seduction and playfulness. The delight of a painting by Lieven Hendriks derives from the skilful way in which he elicits surprise and wonder, as well as provokes thought. Because of its entertaining character, Trompe l’œil tends to be sniffed at by art historians. They dismiss it as a somewhat childish pastime, fit only for interior decoration. But they are wrong to do so, because trompe l’œil does in fact touch on serious and important themes. After all, what are we actually seeing when we look at a painting like Untitled (2010)? Dots of paint or nails in a wall? How do the mechanisms of representation work? How does our gaze scan the surface? Do we focus on the coordinates (six nails in a wall) or on the connecting lines (two red and two green lines of spray paint)? Do we register lines and edges before planes? Do we perceive them more sharply? And how does what we see relate to what we know?
These are simple questions that are hard to answer. There is more going on here than can be explained by Gestalt psychology or Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology of perception. In his analysis of Pliny’s tale, the French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan suggested that animals are apparently attracted to superficial appearances, while humans are enticed by the idea of that which is hidden. The visually confusing elements of Hendriks’ work often serve not just to entertain, but also to prompt reflection on the extent to which we can ‘know’ a painting.
This effect is masterfully achieved in the painting Sunny Spells (2011). It is part of a series of works that resemble drawings made with a finger in condensation on a window pane – a rudimentary mode of expression that could be seen as visual art in its most primitive form. The series presents paintings as windows on the world – albeit windows obscured by condensation. The glass itself, colourless and transparent, is invisible; its presence is only suggested by the moisture on its surface. A slightly curving line is dimly visible, separating a darker lower plane from a lighter one above, a division that is repeated at the top of the picture. Seen through the stripe where the glass has been wiped clean, the view does appear sharper, clearer and more full of contrasts, but it doesn’t provide more information on the world behind the window. The point at issue here is not so much what the painting as window reveals of the world behind it, but how the painting actually functions as window. The conundrum posed by Sunny Spells is the space inhabited by the painting itself as a window, or, in the view of René Daniëls, as a ‘fleece’ or membrane. The image anticipates our readiness to interpret the tracks of paint droplets as the trails left by drops trickling down the pane, and Hendriks’ painstaking technique seduces us completely. But the mystery remains. Because how do we know what side of the window we are on? Is it the ‘inside’, the side in the place in which we stand? Or is it the outside of a window in some imagined ‘outside’ world? And how can Hendriks paint something by wiping paint away, rather than adding paint? It is ambiguities like these that both stimulate and frustrate our attempts to fathom the nature of the image. The question with which Sunny Spells ultimately confronts us concerns the knowability of art, given that a painting is both a depiction of reality and itself a real object.
Resonating through Hendriks’ explorations of the nature of art is the Nietzschean adage that ‘art lies the truth’. Painting has ceased to be an exposé of universal values; it has become a game, a game whose rules are constantly under discussion. The painter directs our gaze and we, the onlookers, perceive him playing this game, which we endeavour to comprehend. Painting has become performance art, a dazzling act that attracts and entertains while retaining an element of mystery. His grasp of the beauty of graphic style and decorative quality enables Lieven Hendriks to play the game known as painting with finesse, but we will never fathom quite how he does it.
Dominic van den Boogerd, art critic
Image above: HQ, 2019. 115 x 140 cm
CV
Born in 1970.
Lives and works in Arnhem (Netherlands).
EXPOSITIONS PERSONNELLES / SOLO SHOWS
2023
Mirages, galerie Michael Sturm, Stuttgart, Germany
2022
Mirages, CODA Museum, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
2021
Mirrors/Mirages, Galerie Ron Mandos, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
2020
Lieven Hendriks, Galerie Sturm & Schober, Vienna, Austria
2019
Modern Pictures for Modern Rooms, Lieven Hendriks en Thomas Trum, Billytown, Den Haag, The Netherlands
Cutting Corners, Plaatsmaken, Arnhem, The Netherlands
2018
Hearsay, gallery Rianne Groen, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Lieven Hendriks and Koen Taselaar, gallery Rianne Groen, Art Rotterdam, The Netherlands
2017
Lieven Hendriks, Francis Boeske Projects, Art Rotterdam, The Netherlands
2016
Living Giving, with Jaap Kroneman, Biënnale Gelderland, Arnhem, The Netherlands
Daybreak, Galleri Flach, Stockholm, Sweden
Lieven Hendriks / Daniel Schubert, Galerie Boeske & Hofland, Spinnerei, Leipzig, Germany
2015
Pages 1, Lieven Hendriks & Jaap Kroneman, Omstand Arnhem, The Netherlands
Silver Lining, Francis Boeske Projects, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Lieven Hendriks Francis Boeske Projects Amsterdam Art fair, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
120 minutes, Cutbacks, project by Frank Koolen and Lieven Segers, Art Bussels, Belgium
2014
Lime green and tangerine, Gallery Michael Sturm, Stuttgart, Germany
2012
Solo Projects, Gallery VOUS ETES ICI, Basel, Switzerland
Ikebana Flush, Gallery VOUS ETES ICI, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
2011
Big Moon, Sunny Spells and White Starlets, Museum voor Moderne Kunst Arnhem, Arnhem (cat.), The Netherlands
Lieven Hendriks & Hidenori Mitsue, Nagoya University of Arts, Nagoya, Japan (cat.)
Lieven Hendriks, Gallery VOUS ETES ICI, Art Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
2010
Sunny Spells, Gallery VOUS ETES ICI, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
2008
Cold reading, Gallery VOUS ETES ICI, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
2007
Landing Soon #1, Heden, Den Haag (cat.), The Netherlands
Tourist Trophy, Lieven Hendriks & Frank Koolen, Gallery Ruang Mes 56, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (cat.)
2006
Starlet, Gallery VOUS ETES ICI, Amsterdam (cat.), The Netherlands
2005
Attitudes 5, Lieven Hendriks & Machiel van Soest, Museum Stadsgalerij (Schunck) (cat.), Heerlen, The Netherlands
Holidays in the Sun,Van Hoek en Hendriks, Gallery Plaatsmaken, Arnhem, The Netherlands
Art Cologne, Gallery VOUS ETES ICI, Cologne, Germany
2004
New Horizons, Gallery VOUS ETES ICI, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
2003
Nicht Kippen, Lieven Hendriks & Frank Koolen, Peninsula, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
2002
Lieven Hendriks, Gallery VOUS ETES ICI, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
2001
Zie onder canapé, Villa de Bank, Enschede, The Netherlands
1999
Bounty eiland, Stichting de Archipel, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
Lieven Hendriks, De Nederlandsche Bank, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Lieven Hendriks, Rosemin Hendriks en Marten Hendriks, Gallery Nouvelles Images, Den Haag, The Netherlands
1998
Lieven Hendriks en objecten, De Gele Rijder, Arnhem, The Netherlands
Lieven Hendriks, Luxus, Den Haag, The Netherlands
Lieven Hendriks en Jaap Kroneman, De Academiegalerie, Utrecht, The Netherlands
EXPOSITIONS COLLECTIVES / GROUP SHOWS
2024
True colors, Kunstmuseum, Den Haag, The Netherlands
Daily Encounters, Museum Helmond, The Netherlands
25 years of Gallery Ron Mandos, galerie Ron Mandos, The Netherlands
Daily Encounters, Museum Helmond, The Netherlands
In Focus / Op Scherp, Centraal Museum, Utrecht, The Netherlands
No Place / Fenestria, galerie Sator, Paris, France
2023
Echt jetzt, Kunstmuseum, Heidenhem, Germany
Ik ga weg, Centraal Museum, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Into Distance, Kunsthaus, Essen, Germany
So Wie So, Kunstraum Essen, Germany
Art Rotterdam, galerie Ron Mandos, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
2022
Realisme van 1900 tot nu., Museum MORE, Gorssel, The Netherlands
Wave, Museum Valkhof, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Set up 06, Collectie de Groen, Arnhem, The Netherlands
2021
Set Up 05, Collectie de Groen, Arnhem, The Netherlands
2020
Collectors Item, Collection Pieter en Marieke Sanders, Centraal Museum, Urecht, The Netherlands
Koop dit of dit of dit, curated by Ellis Kat, Mondriaanfonds, Capital C Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Vienna Contemporary, gallery Sturm & Schober, Vienna, Austria
Art Rotterdam, Gallery Ron Mandos, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Art Rotterdam, We Like Art, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Set Up 04, Collectie de Groen, Arnhem, The Netherlands
2019
Miami Untitled, Gallery Ron Mandos, Miami, USA
Pick Me, We like art! Collectie de Groen, Arnhem, The Netherlands
Heden in Huis, met oa. Hans Wilschut, Sigrid Calon, Marlene Dumas, Berend Strik en Elspeth Diederikx, Heden, Den Haag, The Netherlands
Duckumenta, met oa. Caz Egelie, Florian en Michael Quistrebert, Hester Oerlemans, Lily van der Stokker, Omstand, Arnhem, The Netherlands
On Canvas, Gallery Michael Sturm, Stuttgart, Germany We Like Art, Frozen Fountain, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Der Rausch, Arti et Amicitiae, curator Frank Koolen, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Stuff Matters, Jessica Stockholder Centraal Museum, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Art Rotterdam, gallery Rianne Groen, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Art Rotterdam, We Like Art, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
2018
Verlicht, with Gabriel Lester, Evi Vingerling, Museum Ijsselstein, IJsselstein, The Netherlands Family Portrait, Provinciehuis Arnhem, The Netherlands
Say No More, TRUST, Collectie de Groen, Arnhem, The Netherlands
Heden in Huis, met o.a. Vivianne Sassen, Heden, Den Haag, The Netherlands
The eye is the centre/magnify me, De Ketelfactory, Schiedam, The Netherlands
Our House, gallery Rianne Groen, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Phantom Limb, Fries Museum, with Saskia Olde Wolbers en Thomas Huber, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
Eenheid in verscheidenheid, Gallery Wit, Wageningen, The Netherlands
2017
A tasteful journey; The Ron Klein Breteler collection, Pulchri, Den Haag, The Netherlands
Secret Postcard Sale, We Like Art, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Collectie De Groen, private collection, Arnhem, The Netherlands
På annan plats, Konstmuseum Ystad, Sweden
Centraal Museum aankopen, Centraal Museum Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Hotel Project, Gallery Flach,Upsalla, Sweden
20+1 Gallery Michael Sturm, Stuttgart, Germany
Regenerate #2, Vishal, Haarlem, The Netherlands
Editions and multiples, We like Art, Art Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Paint it soft, Museum Schunk, Heerlen, The Netherlands
2016
Xmas Xhibition, Rozenstraat 59 (vml. SMBA) Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Vanitas, werken uit de collectie Heden, Heden Den Haag, The Netherlands
Untitled, Miami Beach, gallery Michael Sturm, Miami Beach, USA
Fibonacci Sequence, Francis Boeske Projects, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Elite Hotel, Gallery Flach, Stockholm, Sweden
PArC 2016, gallery Michael Sturm, Lima, Peru Bermuda Affairs, Lieven Hendriks, Jaap Kroneman, Frank Koolen, Studio Omstand, Arnhem, The Netherlands
Lust for life, painting today, We like art, Westergasfabriek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
ArtLima, gallery Michael Sturm, Lima, Peru
Zona Maco, gallery Michael Sturm, Mexico City, Mexico
Solid Ground, Francis Boeske Projects, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
2015
ARTBO, gallery Michael Sturm, Bogota, Colombia Art bodensee, gallery Michael Sturm,Dornbirn, Austria
Recente aankopen Centraal Museum, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Schau doch mal rein!, gallery Michael Sturm, Stuttgart, Germany
Zona Maco, gallery Michael Sturm, Mexico City, Mexico Family matters, Pulchri mesdagzaal, Den Haag, The Netherlands
Provincie Gelderland aankopen 2013-2014, Huis der Provinciën, Arnhem, The Netherlands
2014
Endings are also new beginnings, Francis Boeske Projects, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Reload, Biënnale Gelderland, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
We Like Art, Westergasfabriek, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Raw Rotterdam, Heden, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Art Rotterdam, gallery VOUS ETES ICI, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Silence, El Segundo Museum of Art, Sweeney Collection, El Segundo, Los Angeles, USA
There is no I, W139, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
2013
Multiple show, gallery VOUS ETES ICI, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Homerun, projectspace Circa..dit, Arnhem, The Netherlands
Rob Scholte Museum, Den Helder, The Netherlands
Cash For Gold, Circa..dit, Arnhem, with Rob Scholte, Frank Koolen, curator Lieven Hendriks
Loose Ends, projectspace Circa..dit, Arnhem with Barend van Hoek, Koen Taselaar en Fred Bervoets, curator Lieven Hendriks
Drawing Straws, projectspace Circa..dit, Arnhem, with Dimitar Genchev, Robin Meijer, Mitchel Breed and Ruben Kragt, curator Lieven Hendriks
The great Escape, Willem Baars Projects, Amsterdam, with Vaast Colson, Guillaume Bijl, Gert Robijns en Kristof van Gestel, curator Frank Koolen
2012
Art Bodensee, gallery Michael Sturm, Dornbin, Austria
Voor altijd de jouwe, Shunck collection, Heerlen, The Netherlands
Made Rhythm, gallery Kers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Re; Rotterdam, PRESENTeert Conversation Pieces, Academiegalerie, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Art Karlsruhe, gallery Michael Sturm, Karlsruhe, Germany
The Multiple Show 2, gallery VOUS ETES ICI, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
2011
The Multiple Show, gallery VOUS ETES ICI, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
What’s Up, Dordrechts Museum, Dordrecht (cat.), The Netherlands
Sie Sind Hier II, gallery Michael Sturm, Stuttgart, Germany
Il Vento del Nord, L’assocciazone Culturale ALMA, Galleria di Pontremoli, curator Peer Veneman
Introducing part II, villa flugel, Bad Homburg, Germany
Collection SCHUNCK*, Raadhuis Heerlen, The Netherlands
Poisson d’Avril, gallery VOUS ETES ICI, Amsterdam with Susan Collis, Marijn van Kreij, Leon Vranken, Gavin Turk, Fischli & Weiss en Andrew Grassie, curated by Hans Gieles and Lieven Hendriks
Electricity, Arti et Amicitae, Amsterdam, with Lieven Hendriks, Paul Drissen, Marcel Berlanger, Dino Ruissen and Simon Hemmer
2010
We Like 6%, New Dakota, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Wim Izaks prijs, Tricot, Winterswijk, The Netherlands
Wim Izaks prijs, Pictura, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Solo projects, gallery VOUS ETES ICI, Basel, Switzerland
Mainly on canvas, gallery VOUS ETES ICI, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Zien wat er is, schilderijen uit de SCHUNCK* collectie, Glaspaleis, Heerlen, The Netherlands
2009
The Multiple show, gallery VOUS ETES ICI, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Lucky Trapezium, Rossi Contemporary, Brussel, Belgium
My Painting. Nu, Lokaal 01 Breda, The Netherlands
2008
Ideas in paint(ing), CCH, Hasselt, Belgium
Het huis de kamers II, 7×11, Den Haag, The Netherlands
Landing soon, Erasmushuis, Jakarta, Indonesia
Het huis, de kamers, K13, Velp, The Netherlands
2007
Art Cologne, Palma de Mallorca, gallery VOUS ETES ICI, Mallorca, Spain
Heel Erg Mooi, Academiegalerie, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Kunstrai, gallery VOUS ETES ICI, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Art Cologne, gallery VOUS ETES ICI, Cologne, Germany
Landing Soon #1, Cemeti Art House, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Dreamland, Kunstvereniging Diepenheim, Diepenheim, The Netherlands
Dreamland, gallery Gist, Brummen, The Netherlands
2006
Artforum, gallery VOUS ETES ICI, Berlin, Germany
2005
Art Cologne, galerie VOUS ETES ICI, Cologne, Germany
Kunstrai, gallery VOUS ETES ICI, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
2004
Barend van Hoek nodigt uit, gallery Husstege, Den Bosch, The Netherlands
Art Cologne, gallery VOUS ETES ICI, Cologne, Germany
F ALS E, De academiegalerie, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Kunstrai Amsterdam, gallery VOUS ETES ICI, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Carpet, Artsniper, Arnhem curated by Jaap Kroneman en Wilma Sommers
2003
The unslept house, Het Hooghuis, Arnhem, The Netherlands
Suite Voices #5, gallery VOUS ETES ICI, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Art Brussels, gallery VOUS ETES ICI, Brussels, Belgium
Expo 2004, Lieven Hendriks en Barend van Hoek, De Fabriek, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
De inhuizing, Stadsgalerij Heerlen, Heerlen, The Netherlands
2002
Mimicry Mommie cries, Janssen en Kooy, Warnsveld, The Netherlands
Art Brussels, gallery VOUS ETES ICI, Brussels, Belgium
2001
Mind the gap, Artis, Den Bosch Lieven Hendriks and Jaap Kroneman, Een, Tekeningen, CBKN, Nijmegen, curator Jaap Kroneman
Tracing my white horse, Consortium, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Artforum Berlijn, gallery VOUS ETES ICI, Berlin, Germany
2000
Hotel *****, CBKN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Extra Room, Academiegalerie, Utrecht, The Netherlands
What’s fresh, Artis, ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
Een ceder in mijn tuin, Kw14, ’s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
Een tegoed op de vensterbank, stichting de Archipel, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
Admiratio, Academiegalerie, Utrecht, The Netherlands
1999
Nur wasser lässt sich leichter schneiden, Hamburg, Germany, Curator Christiane Mennicke
Uitgelicht 3, Fonds BKVB, Rai, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Kunstvlaai, Fonds BKVB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Youthquake!, W139, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Schubert en co, Villa de Bank, Enschede, The Netherlands
Peninsula Wintersalon, Peninsula, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
1998
Aanwinsten 1997, De Nederlandsche Bank, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Bommel van Dam Prijs, Museum van Bommel van Dam, Venlo, The Netherlands
Bommel van Dam Prijs, Museum voor Moderne Kunst, Oostende, Belgium
Jubilee, Gallery Resy Muijsers, Tilburg, The Netherlands
1997
Uitgelicht 2 , Fonds BKVB, Amsterdam Rai, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
1996
Koninklijke Prijs, Paleis op de Dam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
PUBLICATIONS
2011
Big Moon, Sunny Spells & White Starlets, catalogue MMKA design Kummer & Herrman, text Dominic van den Boogerd
2007
Landing Soon #1, catalogue Residence Yogyakarta, text Enin Supriyanto
2006
Starlet, catalogue VOUS ETES ICI, text Jan Grosfeld
COLLECTIONS (SELECTION)
Museum Voorlinden, Wassenaar
Centraal Museum, Utrecht
Dordrechts Museum Museum
Stadsgalerij / Schunck, Heerlen
ESMOA, El Segundo Museum of Art, Brian Sweeney Collection, Los Angeles, USA
Fine Art Collectie de Groen, Arnhem
AKZO Nobel
Rabobank Art Collection
De Nederlandsche Bank Art Collection
AMC Art Collection
UMC Art Collection
Provincie Gelderland art collection
The Council of Skåne, Sweden
Collection NUA, Nagoya University of Arts, Japan
Private collections in the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Sweden, UK, Mexico, Peru, Colombia
FORMATION
1994 – 1996 De Ateliers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
1991 – 1994 Hogeschool voor de Kunsten Utrecht, The Netherlands